1.
Genotoxic And Mutogenic Study Of Formaldehyde, Sodium Hypochlorite And Cresol
by Ann Fatima (2012-VA-995) | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Disinfectants are used to control, prevent or destroy harmful microorganisms on inanimate surfaces. These chemicals are being used to dispose the contagious hospital wastes like disposable plastics and microbiological waste. Various factors like temperature, contact period concentration of disinfectant, organic soil and nature of water used for dilution affect of disinfection process. So, disinfectants must be tested prior to any specific applications for its proper effectiveness. This study has been designed to study the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of three commonly used disinfectants, formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite and cresol alone and in combination.
Different dilutions of formaldehyde (1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.006, and 0.003%) sodium hypochlorite (8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5%) and cresol (7.6, 3.8, 1.9, 0.95, and 0.475%) alone and in combination were investigated for mutagenicity as well as genotoxicity in vitro. Mutagenicity was investigated by Ames Salmonella/Microsome assay with and without metabolic activation system; S-9 with the help of two strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA 100 and TA 98 and genotoxicity was checked by Comet assay using peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results were analyzed by statistical package of Social Sciences; results were presented as mean ± S.D and the data analysis was done by using one-way analysis of variance. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Summary
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Formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite & cresol showed significantly mutagenic potential against TA 100 & TA 98 strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation system and genotoxic effects. A higher concentration showed more significant results.
Formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite & cresol has both mutagenic and genotoxic potential. But this mutagenicity and genotoxicity has been observed more with higher concentrations as compared to low concentration. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2305-T] (1).
2.
Assessment Of Genotoxicity Of Propofol, Thiopental And Ketamine In Patients Under Balanced Anesthesia With Isoflurane
by Maidah Mehtab (2013-VA-597) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Tanveer Akhter Butt | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Exposure of anesthetic agents to the patients and operating room staff may involve a genotoxic risk so the knowledge of their effects on genetic material can give valuable support to anesthesia care providers to make better treatment performance and improve patient safety.
Comet assay was used to study the genotoxic actions of three IV anesthetic agents (propofol, thiopental and ketamine) that were used for induction during balanced anesthesia with inhalational anesthetic isoflurane. Three groups consisted of total18 patients who were undergone elective abdominal procedure lasted about 2 hours. Intravenous samples of blood were obtained before anesthesia induction (T0 —baseline), immediately after anesthesia induction (T1), 10 min (T2), 60 min (T3) 120 min (T4), 6 hours (T5) and 12 hours (T6) after anesthesia induction. Lymphocytes were isolated and single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay was used in which the cell suspension on agarosed slides was lysed in high salts and detergents containing lysing solution, exposed to alkaline buffer solution for DNA unwinding and then following electrophoresis at 24 volts and 300 mA and stained with ethidium bromide. These preapared slides were analyzed under fluorescent microscope. The anesthetics induced damage to DNA on 50 cells per sample per patient was measured as total comet length (i.e. damage index) categorized as undamaged to highly damaged (class0- class3) cells.
The data collected was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) Post Hoc Test LSD using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).
By comparing the genotoxicity of propofol, thiopental and ketamine, it can be concluded that propofol causes the least or no genotoxicity during balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and could be the best choice for induction when isoflurane is used for maintenance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2323-T] (1).
3.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Ibuprofen Against Avian Influenza H9
by Aisha Nazir (2013-VA-851) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral and embryotoxicity of doxycycline,
ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggs of 10 days old. The different concentrations of these agents were taken and two fold dilutions were made. Dilutions were mixed with avian influenza H9 virus and inoculated in embryonated eggs. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling, haemagglutinition test was performed for evaluation of antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. For embryotoxicity, dilutions were made in normal saline without virus and checked the results by mortality ratio after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity increased when used doxycycline and ibuprofen incombination. After using incombination it’s antiviral activity was high at these concentrations.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen had mild antiviral activity alone and after using combination of doxycycline and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was increased. So these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that doxycycline and ibuprofen when used incombination had
comparatively strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these agents are not toxic. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2437-T] (1).
4.
Antibacterial Activity Of Piroxicam And Ketorolac Alone And In Combination With Antibiotics Against Bacterial Isolates
by Saba Shahbaz (2013-VA-852) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health problem due to the excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, which has resulted in many emerging multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study is designed for the evaluation of different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline by using broth dilution method.Different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline were checked for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcusaureus and Escherichia coli.The isolates were obtained from Quality Operations Laboratory. The pathogens were tested for their sensitivity to amoxicillin and tigecycline. The sensitivity was checked by broth/tube dilution method. Dilutions were prepared by two fold dilution method.Collected data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, windows version, Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics was applied.This work is designed to observe the effects of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline against bacterial pathogens to improve the quality of life of patients and will minimize the chances of infections.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by broth dilution method. The results suggested that NSAIDs enhanced the antibacterial effect when combined with these antibiotics. Combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+80µg/ml), and tigecycline in combination with ketorolac (0.156µg/ml+20µg/ml) was effective against Staphylococcusaureus. The combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+20µg/ml), amoxicillin with ketorolac (4.88µg/ml+20µg/ml), tigecycline with piroxicam (0.3125µg/ml +10µg/ml), tigecycline with ketorolac (0.312µg/ml+20µg/ml) showed efficacy against Escherichia coli. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2448-T] (1).
5.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Ivermectin And Ibuprofen Alone And In Combination Against Avian Influenza H9
by Huma Minhas (2014-VA-499) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral andembryotoxicity of ivermectin and ibuprofenalone and in combination against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggsof 10 days old. Three different concentrations of these agents were selected for current project and two fold dilutions were made. Mixing of drug dilutionnswith avian influenza H9 virus was done and administered in embryonated eggs. They were kept in incubator for 72 hours. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling,haemagglutinition test was done to evaluate antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. To checkembryotoxicity,drug dilutions were made without virus and mortality ratio was checked after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of ivermectin and ibuprofen alone and incombination at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity of ivermectin was very strong at all concentrations however at higher concentration it was toxic for embryo.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that ivermectinand ibuprofen had antiviral activity alone and in combination afterusing combination of ivermectin and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was further increased and embrytoxicity was also diminished by combination therapyso these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of ivermectin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that ivermectin had very strong antiviral activity but it was embryotoxic at higher concentrations when ibuprofen was used in combination then had further strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these these agents were not toxic in combination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2588-T] (1).
6.
In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation Of Ceftriaxone Alone And In Combination With Ascorbic Acid In Post Surgical Infections
by Umbreen Anwar (2013-VA-853) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Muhammmad Ovais Omer | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Nosocomial infectionshave frequently been reported by several hospitals worldwide. A patient infected with such infections is presented with complaint of fever, inflammation, redness and pus. These infections are also called post-surgical or surgical site infections and a suitable antibiotic therapy can be used to cure these infections(Soriano et al. 2006).Nosocomial infections occur in patients with in 2 days of admittance in hospital three days of liberation or 30 days of incision, it causes increase in hospital stay in infected patients (Inweregbu et al.2013). Surgical site infections including urinary tract infection and pneumonia are most common hospital acquired infections and are caused by bacteria, viruses and fungus (Timsitet al.2012).
These infections occur up to thirty days after surgery (Owenset al.2008). Surgical Site infections increase the rate of morbidity and mortality among surgically operated individuals (Powell et al. 2005).Controllingfactors for these infections includesage, gender, prophylactic administration of antibiotics and aseptic procedures(Lavallee et al. 2014).
There are number of risk factors in development of hospoital acquired infections. Obesity is also an important risk factor in developing post operative infections and is directly associated with under dosage of antibiotic given prophylactically (Hunttunen et al.2013). Surgeon should be aware of antibiotic choice, dose and duration based on reliable guidelines for prophylaxis to avoid common type of adverse effects on surgical sites (Rafati et al. 2014).
Motie et al. (2014) found that there was an inverse relation between length of surgical incision and rate of surgical infections it was found that type of surgery is main risk factor in developing of infections. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were combination of ceftriaxone and metronidazole (51.6%).The contaminated and clean contaminated wounds are associated with higher rate of surgical site infections.
Post-surgical infections are known to major health issue, that are responsible for high treatment cost, more readmission in hospitals, increased stay in hospital and increase in rate of infections and even death of surgically operated patient (Mengesha et al. 2014). The rate of occurrence increases due to use of mini sterile gloves, operating costumes, face masks and other specific surgical coverings in operating rooms (Salassa and Swiontkowski 2014).
Both Gram positive and Gram negative species of bacteria are responsible in causing such infections and most common isolates obtained from pus areStaphylococcusepidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabillis, Escherichia coli etc.Post surgical abdominal infections are more common after abdominal surgeries. But the disclosure of these infections in early stage is considerably difficult in old age patients along the condition of hyperthermia and increased level of C reactive protein are visible sign in such type of infections (Lin et al. 2002).A variety of natural and synthetic antibiotics are used to treat infections. Ascorbic acid, zinc and garlic are useful in killing bacteria, improving immunity and thus preventing diseases.The most important thing about these antibiotics is that these are less toxic and less harmful thus can be used in pregnant women reducing the chance of urinary tract infections. Also the intake of 100mg ascorbic acid or vitamin c as important vitamin in balanced diet daily causes improvement of health in pregnant women(Ochoa et al. 2007).
There is much rapid increase in morbidity and mortality in postpartum women day by day although many antibiotics are used peri operatively along with other precautions and preventive measures. So obstetricians are facing a lot of complications in operatingmany caesarean deliveries (Haas et al. 2014).
The usage of appropriate antibiotics peri operatively for prophylaxis along following withan appropriate aseptic procedure before, during and after surgery proved effective in controlling these infections (Michalopoulos and Sparos 2002).
Optimal dosage and duration while administration of prophylactic antibiotics to patients must be considered because use of antibiotic for inappropriate duration of time can result in increased risk of post-operative brain infections (Wu et al. 2013).A large number of cephalosporins speciallyof second generationhave been proved very effective in reduction of development of post-operative infections but dosage and duration of these antibiotics varied from patient to patient (Gelijns et al. 2014).Intra-abdominal pus can be reduced by the correct use of antibiotics and by following sterile procedures (Romano et al. 2014).Cephalosporins are useful for eradication of pathogens of skin like Staphylococcus aureus. An antibiotic cefazolin belonging to first generation antibiotics plays major role against pathogens in many clean wound incisions (Page et al.1993).
In field of gynaecology surgery some antibiotics are also prescribed in combinations and thus proved more efficacious (Bratzler et al. 2013). Ceftriaxone from the group of third generation cephalosporins given before surgery was as useful in prevention of major pelvic infections and urinary tract infections as compared to three doses of cefazolin given over 14 hours peri operatively (Hemsell et al. 1984).
Ascorbic acid is a potentantioxidant which markedly reduced the growth of E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcusand it provided significant effectiveness in combination with levofloxacin (Carlssonet al.2005).Ascorbic acid increases wound healing, immune system activation, collagen formation due to its oxidative property.Alsonutritional deficiencies decreases wound healing after surgeries (MacKay and Miller 2003).Ascorbic acid inhibits the growth of Stayphylococusaureus bacteria by producing oxidative radical thus increasing the oxidative stress,affecting the metabolism and inhibiting the growth of bacteria invitro(Kallio et al. 2012).
The use of ascorbic acid with antibiotics is significant, high doses of ascorbic acid with antibiotics have shown synergistic effects and resulted in prevention of life threating diseases thus high potency vitamin supplementation can reduce morbidity and speed recovery (Ishida et al.1998).
The aim of this study project is to identify the prevalence of microbes involved inpost-operative infections and also to determine the sensitivity patterns of isolated pathogens by using culture sensitivity test against most commonly prescribed antibiotic (ceftriaxone) alone and in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in vitro.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2466-T] (1).
